Comparison of dialysis dose through real-time Kt/V by ultraviolet absorbance of spent dialysate, single-pool Daugirdas II, and Kt/BSA according to sex and age / Comparação da dose de diálise através do Kt/V em tempo real pela absorbância ultravioleta do dialisato gasto, Daugirdas II de pool único e Kt/BSA de acordo com sexo e idade

ABSTRACT Background: Kt/V OnLine (Kt/VOL) avoids inaccuracies associated with the estimation of urea volume distribution (V). The study aimed to compare Kt/VOL, Kt/V Daugirdas II, and Kt/BSA according to sex and age. Methods: Urea volume distribution and body surface area were obtained by Watson and Haycock formulas in 47 patients. V/BSA was considered as a conversion factor from Kt/V to Kt/BSA. Dry weight was determined before the study. Kt/VOL was obtained on DIALOG machines. Results: Pearson correlation between Kt/VOL vs Kt/VII and Kt/VOL vs Kt/BSA was significant for males (r = 0.446, P = 0.012 and r = -0.476 P = 0.007) and individuals < 65 years (0.457, P = 0.019 and -0.549 P = 0.004), but not for females and individuals ≥ 65 years. V/BSA between individuals < 65 and individuals ≥ 65 years were 18.28 ± 0.15 and 18.18 ± 0.16 P = 0.000). No agreement between Kt/VII vs Kt/BSA. Men and individuals > 65 years received a larger dialysis dose than, respectively, females and individuals < 65 years, in the comparison between Kt/VOL versus Kt/VII. V/BSA ratios among men and women were respectively 18.29 ± 0.13 and 18.12 ± 0.15 P = 0.000. Conclusions: Kt/VOL allows recognition of real-time dose regardless of sex and age.

RESUMO Introdução: O Kt/V OnLine (Kt/VOL) evita imprecisões associadas à estimativa da distribuição do volume de uréia (V). O estudo teve como objetivo comparar Kt/VOL, Kt/V Daugirdas II e Kt/BSA de acordo com sexo e idade. Métodos: A distribuição do volume de uréia e área de superfície corporal foram obtidas pelas fórmulas de Watson e Haycock em 47 pacientes. V/BSA foi considerado um fator de conversão de Kt/V para Kt/BSA. O peso seco foi determinado antes do estudo. Kt/VOL foi obtido através de máquinas DIALOG. Resultados: A correlação de Pearson entre Kt/VOL vs Kt/VII e Kt/VOL vs Kt/BSA foi significativa para os homens (r = 0,446, P = 0,012 e r = -0,476 P = 0,007) e indivíduos < 65 anos (0,457, P = 0,019 e -0,549 P = 0,004), mas não para mulheres e indivíduos ≥ 65 anos. A V/BSA entre indivíduos <65 e indivíduos ≥ 65 anos foi 18,28 ± 0,15 e 18,18 ± 0,16 P = 0,000). Sem concordância entre Kt/VII vs Kt/BSA. Homens e indivíduos > 65 anos receberam maior dose de diálise do que, mulheres e indivíduos <65 anos, respectivamente, na comparação entre Kt/VOL versus Kt/VII. As razões V/BSA entre homens e mulheres foram, respectivamente, 18,29 ± 0,13 e 18,12 ± 0,15 P = 0,000. Conclusões: Kt/VOL permite o reconhecimento da dose em tempo real, independentemente do sexo e idade.

Comparison of dialysis dose through real-time Kt/V by ultraviolet absorbance of spent dialysate, single-pool Daugirdas II, and Kt/BSA according to sex and age.

BACKGROUND: Kt/V OnLine (Kt/VOL) avoids inaccuracies associated with the estimation of urea volume distribution (V). The study aimed to compare Kt/VOL, Kt/V Daugirdas II, and Kt/BSA according to sex and age. METHODS: Urea volume distribution and body surface area were obtained by Watson and Haycock formulas in 47 patients. V/BSA was considered as a conversion factor from Kt/V to Kt/BSA. Dry weight was determined before the study. Kt/VOL was obtained on DIALOG machines. RESULTS: Pearson correlation between Kt/VOL vs Kt/VII and Kt/VOL vs Kt/BSA was significant for males (r = 0.446, P = 0.012 and r = -0.476 P = 0.007) and individuals < 65 years (0.457, P = 0.019 and -0.549 P = 0.004), but not for females and individuals ≥ 65 years. V/BSA between individuals < 65 and individuals ≥ 65 years were 18.28 ± 0.15 and 18.18 ± 0.16 P = 0.000). No agreement between Kt/VII vs Kt/BSA. Men and individuals > 65 years received a larger dialysis dose than, respectively, females and individuals < 65 years, in the comparison between Kt/VOL versus Kt/VII. V/BSA ratios among men and women were respectively 18.29 ± 0.13 and 18.12 ± 0.15 P = 0.000. CONCLUSIONS: Kt/VOL allows recognition of real-time dose regardless of sex and age.

Desequilíbrios hidroeletrolíticos na sala de emergência / Water-electrolyte imbalances in the emergency room

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Desequilíbrios hidroeletrolíticos são frequentemente observados em pacientes críticos, sendo comuns em pacientes de emergência. A apresentação clinica pode ser assintomática ou com graves sintomas como alteração do estado neurológico ou arritmias cardíacas. Fazer o diagnóstico através de exames laboratoriais parece ser fácil, porém é necessário conhecer os mecanismos patofisiológicos envolvidos, uma vez que uma correção inadequada pode causar sequelas importantes ou mesmo a morte do paciente. CONTEÚDO: Foram selecionados artigos da base de dados Pubmed, dando prioridade aqueles publicados entre 2007 e 2012. Foram usadas como palavras-chave: hiponatremia, hipernatremia, hipocalemia, hipercalemia, hipocalcemia, hipercalcemia,distúrbios eletrolíticos, magnésio e fósforo. CONCLUSÃO: Os principais desequilíbrios hidroeletrolíticos encontrados na sala de emergência e a associação clínica com as principais doenças associadas, bem como a importância de uma correção adequada devem pertencer ao conhecimento do médico emergencista.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Water-electrolyte imbalances are frequently observed in critical ill patients and are common in the emergency care. Clinical presentation can be asymptomatic or severe with neurological alterations or cardiac arrhythmias. Make the diagnosis using laboratory tests may be easy, but the pathophysiological understanding of these disorders is more important: an innapropriated correction may cause severe damage or can be fatal to the patient. CONTENTS: We selected articles in Pubmed baseline and we gave priority to those published from 2007 to 2012. The keywords were: hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypocalemia, hypercalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, electrolyte disturbance, magnesium, chloro and phosphorus. CONCLUSION: The main electrolyte imbalances found in the emergency room, showing the clinical association with major diseases, and the importance of a proper correction must belong tothe knowledge of the emergency physician.